Rune Types & Systems

The Huld Manuscript (1860, Iceland) is the first source of the Vegvisir and many Icelandic staves. What it is, who made it, and why it matters for dating symbols.

Ginfaxi is an Icelandic magic stave for victory, tied to glima wrestling. Learn its meaning, its partner Gapaldur, honest history, and modern use.

Germanic runes are the runic alphabets of the Germanic peoples. See how the Elder Futhark, Younger Futhark, and Anglo-Saxon Futhorc all connect.

Celtic runes are a modern myth: the Celts used Ogham, not runes. Here is the honest truth about Ogham, celtic rune sets, and the Norse Elder Futhark.

The types of runes explained honestly: the three historical futharks, witch’s runes, Icelandic staves, and which modern “runes” are invented or misnamed.

Icelandic magical staves (galdrastafir) explained: Vegvisir, the Helm of Awe, and more, with honest history from the Galdrabok and Huld Manuscript.

Discover the witch’s runes: a modern set of 13 pictorial symbols and their meanings, how to cast and read them, and how they differ from Norse runes.

The Anglo-Saxon runes, or Futhorc, are early medieval England’s runic alphabet. Learn how it grew from the Elder Futhark and what its inscriptions still say.

The Younger Futhark is the 16-rune alphabet the Vikings actually used. Explore each rune, its long-branch and short-twig variants, and how it differs from Elder.

Discover what the Elder Futhark is: the history, origins, and 24 runes of the oldest runic alphabet, how the Vikings used it, and how to read it today.